History 5: Lecture 14
FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON
I Terror and Utopia
• abolition of slavery, Revolution of the disenfranchised,
sans-culottes; call for the Maximum; women’s clubs; slave revolt,
August 1791
• Galvanizing the nation: abolition of slavery, Aug 1793; levee
en masse (August 1793)
• Repression, convergence of popular revolutionary movement
for social welfare, and need to reunify the nation, “making
terror the order of the day” September 4, 1793; civil war (Vendee);
factionalism (Danton, April 1794)
• Cultural revolution of the Year II
• Fall of Robespierre, July 27-28, 1794 (Thermidor)
II Directory (September 1795-November 1799)
* New Republican constitution but no consensus
• Francois-Noel Babeuf and the “Conspiracy of the Equals”
• Napoleon Bonaparte’s coup d’etat of 18 Brumaire
year (Nov, 9,1799); “First Consul” , from 1804 Emperor
III Napoleon and the Revolution
• Myths of Napoleon
• Bonapartism as a new political type (like monarchy, oligarchy,
democracy etc)
• The Civil Code, 1804; subjection of women
• Napoleon and the Church, the Concordat of 1801
IV Napoleon and Europe
• Napoleon by conquest and influence dominates Europe
• Military revolution
• The Continental System (1807)
• Impact on Europe
• Failure of Napoleonic empire
• Congress of Vienna 1815
Conclusion
• What kind of a French Revolution? Democratic? Bourgeois? Bureaucratic?
• What kind of a Europe-end of old regime? Birth of nationalisms?
History 5: Lecture 15
INDUSTRIALIZATION
Introduction
• “Industrial Revolution”: old view: a result of
technological innovation occurring in England between 1760 and 1830;
new view: industrial revolution best understood as a much broader,
slower and more cumulative process, begins in England but continues
through to 1900. Industrialization therefore a more useful term than
“revolution”.
I Commercialization of European Life (1600-1800)
• Demographic growth: late- 18th century transformation: cyclical
to linear expansion; 1st time in history (Thomas Malthus, 1798)
1. - High mortality, low fertility>stasis (tradition)
2- high fertility, low mortality> growth (transition)
3- low fertility, low mortality>new stasis (modern)
* Agricultural revolution: increase in productivity: mixed husbandry;
end of fallow; enclosure.
• Transportation improved in 17-18th centuries>better food
distribution; creation of larger markets
• Proto-industrialization: putting out system>skilled labor
force, accustoms peasants to a cash econ my
• Expansion of credit and trade (Adam Smith, 1776): Bank of
England (1694); colonies; triangle trade (slaves, sugar, cotton)
II. The Energy Revolution (1760-1850)
• Transition from commercial to industrial capitalism effected
by an energy revolution: conversion from animate to inanimate energy
• Phase 1: from wood to coal: England first, runs out of forest
• Phase 2: conversion from horse, water, wind to steam:
• Mechanization: leading sectors: textiles, mining, iron-smelting,
printing, and railroads (1830-1860s)
• Mechanization> machine centered rather than family centered
units of production>factory system
III. The European–wide picture (1800-1900)
• Industrialization in other countries is later but faster:
bigger role of banks, government, and heavy industry
• Different national patterns and rates of development: England
1st (1800-1830); Russia (1890-1914)
IV. A new world civilization
• Mass production> commodification of everyday life
• Internationalization of the economy
• Apotheosis: The Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851
• Money economy corrodes old social order. New relations emerge
Conclusion
• Why England first? Other countries had advantages- convergence
of forces is unique to England
• Three phases of industrialization in 19-20th centuries:
1st Industrial Revolution, 1600-1850: textiles, coal, iron, steam,
factories, new cities, new labor, and bad conditions
2nd Industrial Revolution, 1870-1914: steel, cars, gas, electricity,
chemicals, large-scale production, science, cartels, assembly line,
protectionism, imperialism
Post-Industrial Society, emerges from the two world wars: consumption,
service economy, world markets, multinationals, and info revolution