Machiavelli/ RENAISSANCE HUMANISM
LECTURE 3 OUTLINE; 28 JANUARY 2003
I RENAISSANCE HUMANISM
-FROM PETRARCH (1304-1374) AND BOCCACCIO (1313-1375) TO ERASMUS (1449-1536)
AND SIR THOMAS MORE (1478-1535)
A -AS A PROGRAM OF SCHOLARSHIP AND EDUCATION “AD
FONTES”
B - AS AN ELITE (AND ELITIST) CULTURAL FASHION
C AS A GENDERED PHILOSOPHY OF ‘MAN” -PICO
DELLA MIRANDOLLA (1463-1494) ORATION ON THE DIGNITY OF MAN (1498)
II MEDIEVAL POLITIES: THE UNITY OF CHRISTENDOM
A THE NOTION OF THE”BODY POLITIC”
B STATIC HIERARCHY OF A GREAT CHAIN OF BEING: CHURCH
AS HEAD AND KINGS AS ARMS
C SYNTHESIS OF ARISTOTLEIAN COSMOLOGY (NATURAL LAW)
AND BIBLICAL TEACHING (DIVINE LAW)
D KEY THEORISTS: JOHN OF SALISBURY AND THOMAS AQUINAS
E MOST SUCCINCT STATEMENT; THE PAPAL BULL, UNAM SANCTAM
(1302)
III ITALIAN ORIGINS OF THE MODERN STATE
An AGE OF TOWER WARS; FAMILY FEUDS, CIVIC STRIFE, EXPANSIONISM (TOWER
OF PISA)
A THE NEW STATECRAFT; RATIONAL TAX COLLECTING, STANDING
ARMIES, PERMANENT CIVIL SERVANTS, THE ART OF DIPLOMACY
B THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE FIVE STATES AND THE NON-AGGRESSION
PACT (TREATY OF LODI 1454)
IV MACHIAVELLI
(CLICK ON MACHIAVELLI-CLASS
WEBSITE “RESOURCES”)
A -HUMANIST TRAINING AS A FLORENTINE CIVIL SERVANT
B - AN EARLY CAREER IN ITALIAN POLITICS
C- EXILE AND A SECOND CAREER IN LETTERS
D - THE PRINCE (1512): A NEW THEORY OF POLITICS
E -KEY THEMES; STATE POWER AS AN END IN ITSELF; AMORALITY
OF POLITICS; VIRTU (PROWESS) VS FORTUNA (FATE); A WORLD THAT IS UNPREDICTABLE
VS THE MEDIEVAL IDEA OF A WORLD ORDERED BY DIVINE LAW; FORTUNE IS
A WOMAN
F -RECEPTION OF THE PRINCE; IMMEDIATE, WIDESPREAD,
AND DENOUNCED BY THE CHURCH AS A WORK OF THE DEVIL
IV THE NEW MONARCHIES
A - THE MILITARY REVOLUTION
B - THE 15TH CENTURY TERRITORIAL CONSOLIDATION OF
SPANISH (HABSBURG), FRENCH (VALOIS) AND ENGLISH (TUDOR) KINGDOMS
C THE DESCENT OF THE VALOIS AND HABSBURGS INTO ITALY
D THE HABSBURGS THE LAST “FIRST PRINCES OF
CHRISTENDOM”; EXPULSION OF JEWS AND MOORS (1492); THE EMPIRE
OF CHARLES V (1519-1556)
E HABSBURG RIVALS; THE FRENCH VALOIS; CHARLES VIII;
LOUIS XII AND FRANCIS I (1515-1547); THE ENGLISH TUDORS: HENRY VIII
(1509-1547); THE OTTOMANS: SULIEMAN THE MAGNIFICENT (1520-1566)
HISTORY 5: LECTURE 4, 30 JANUARY 2003
VOYAGERS AND OTHERS
INTRODUCTION
CONVERGENCE OF INTERESTS OF MERCHANTS AND INTERESTS OF PRINCES
A. - WAR BECOMES MORE CAPITAL INTENSIVE
B. - STATES BECOME MORE B UREAUCRATIC
C. - MONARCHS BECOME INCREASINGLY INTERESTED IN WEALTH
OF THE KINGDOM
D. - NEW POLICY: MERCANTILISM; ENCHANCING THE WEALTH
OF THE KINGDOM THROUGH PROTECTIONISM AND MONOPOLIES.
E. - TRADING COMPANIES AND ENTERPRISES
I. -FOCUS OF THE EXPANSION OF TRADE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN:
A. -MEDITERRANEAN TRADE>AFRICA AND FAR EAST
B. EXPANSION OF THE OTTOMANS> 1453-1529 FALL OF
CONSTANTINOPLE TO THE GATES OF VIENNA>CONTROL OF 3/4 OF MEDITERRANEAN
COASTLINE.
II THE PORTUGUESE CHALLENGE
A. AFRICA: HENRY THE NAVIGATOR: 1460-80 GOLD, SUGAR,
SLAVES
B. FROM AFRICA TO INDIA: BARTHOLOMEU DIAS: 1487,
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE INDIAN SPICES; VASCO DE GAMA: 1498
C. SOUTH EAST AND FAR EAST: MALACCA, 1511, SOUTH
EAST ASIA
III THE SPANISH INITIATIVE:
A. -THE ENCOUNTER WITH AN UNKNOWN CONTINENT: COLUMBUS,
1492
B. - SPAIN AND PORTUGAL DIVIDE THE WORLD: TORDESILLAS,
1494
C. - CORTES AND PIZARRO: FALL OF THE AZTECS AND INCAS
(1532-1535)
D. CABEZA DE LA VACA (1528-1536)
E. CONQUEST TO COLONIZATION: MINING IN ZACATECAS
(MEXICO) AND POTOSI (BOLIVIA)
IV THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE ENCOUNTER FOR THE AMERICAS:
A. - DEMOGRAPHIC CATASTROPHE: EG: HISPANIOLA, POP
100,000 IN 1493, 300 IN 1570
B. -ENSLAVEMENT, FORCED LABOR AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
C. - CULTURAL GENOCIDE: CHRISTIANIZATION
D. - POLITICAL LEGACY OF MILITARY AUTHORITARIANISM
V.THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE ENCOUNTER FOR EUROPE
A. -ECONOMIC: BOOM AND SPANISH HEGEMONY
B. --POLITICALLY: PROTECTIONISM+RIVALRY= RISE OF
NATIONALISM
C. -OTHERNESS AND A MODE OF REAFFIRMATION (SEPULVEDA)
D. -OTHERNESS AS QUESTIONING AND ASSIMILATION (LAS
CASAS)
F. -LAS CASAS
V. CONCLUSIONS
A. EUROPE BECOMES FIRST GLOBAL POWER IN WORLD HISTORY
B. SHORTER TERM: “GOLDEN AGE “ OF SPANISH
INQUISITION”
C. THE SPACE OF “THE OTHER’ OPENS UP
AN ARENA OF IMAGINATIVE DISSENT WITHIN EUROPEAN CULTURE 1) IDENTIFICATION
WITH THE CAUSE OF THE INDIANS (DE VACA) 3) NEW WORLD REPRESENTS FREEDOM
FROM REPRESSIVE AUTHORITIES, RELIGIOUS AND, ULTIMATELY POLITICAL:
MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY 1630-“A CITY SET UPON A HILL”,
BEACON TO THE WORLD.
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DON’T FORGET TONIGHT’S MOVIE:
“THE ACCOUNT”, 7PM, 159 MULFORD