LECTURES 5-6 OUTLINES: PROTESTANT AND CATHOLIC REFORMATIONS
INTRODUCTION
SHIFT OF FOCUS FROM THE MATERIAL CONDITIONS AND POLITICAL CIRCUMSTANCES OF EUROPEANS TO CHANGES IN THEIR MENTAL LIVES AND SELF-UNDERSTANDING
I. PRECONDITIONS FOR LUTHER’S REFORM MOVEMENT
A. RENAISSANCE HUMANISM: ERASMUS
(1469-1536); THOMAS MORE (1478-1536); HISTORICAL AND TEXTUAL ASSESSMENT
OF GREEK AND LATIN BIBLES; TEXTUAL PROBLEMS; CHRISTIAN HUMANISM
B. WEAKNESSES OF THE UNIVERSAL CHURCH; RELICS, PAID
MASSES, INDULGENCES, REFORM MOVEMENTS, INCREASE IN LAY PIETY.
C. ADVENT OF PRINT: MAKES POSSIBLE THE FIRST MASS
POLITICAL PROPAGANDA AGAINST THE PAPACY; REACHES ALL LEVELS OF SOCIETY
II. LUTHER
A. MARTIN LUTHER, (1483-1536),
SON OF A WEALTHY PEASANT, TRAINED AS A LAWYER, IN 1505 BECOMES AN
AUGUSTINIAN MONK
B. 1513, REREADS ST.PAUL: “ONLY THOSE WHO HAVE
FAITH WILL BE SAVED’; ONLY FAITH, ONLY SCRIPTURE, ONLY GRACE
C. OCTOBER 1517: 95 THESES AGAINST INDULGENCES>HERO
III. THE SPREAD OF REFORM
A. DIET OF WORMS: LUTHER EXCOMMUNICATED;
GOES INTO HIDING IN 1521
B. PEOPLE BEGIN INTERPRETING THE BIBLE AS THEY WILL
AND CHALLENGE AUTHORITY; THE TWELVE ARTICLES; PEASANT WARS (1525);
ANABAPTISTS; LUTHER DENOUNCES REVOLTS AGAINST SECULAR AUTHORITY
C.CHARLES V: DIVERTED BY TURKS; PRINCES OF THE EMPIRE
DIVIDED
D.DIET OF AUGSBURG, 1555: CUIS REGIO, EIUS RELIGIO
IV.CALVIN’S GENEVA
A. JEAN CALVIN (1509-1564); LAWYER
FROM NORTHERN FRANCE
B. INSTITUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION>PREDESTINATION
C.FROM MOVEMENT TO INSTITUTIONAL CHURCH
D.THE REORDERING OF SACRED AND SECULAR LIFE; THE
ECCLESIASTICIAL AND GENEVA ORDINANCES
E.THE SPREAD OF CALVINISM :FRANCE, SCOTLAND, ENGLAND,
LOW COUNTRIES.
V. CATHOLIC OR COUNTER REFORMATION
A. POPE PAUL III; INTERNAL REFORM
OF CATHOLIC CHURCH (1530s)
B. NEW INQUISITION; CREATION OF THE “PAPAL
BOOK INDEX” (1542)
C. THE COUNCIL OF TRENT REFORMS 1542-63:1) SCRIPTURE+TRADITION;
2) LATIN VULGATE 3) FAITH AND WORKS
D. REFORM OF PRIVATE MORALS; MARRIAGE, CONFESSION,
NEW MODESTY
E. SPLENDOR AND AWE OF CHURCH RITUAL
F. IGNATIUS LOYOLA (1491-1556), KNIGHT-MYSTIC, FOUNDER
OF THE SOCIETY OF JESUS (1540); SHOCK-TROOPS OF CONVERSION AND TEACHING.
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LECTURE 7 OUTLINE: ELITE AND POPULAR CULTURE
INTRODUCTION
SHIFT OF ATTENTION FROM THE WORLD VIEWS OF THEOLOGIANS AND CHURCHMEN TO THAT OF LAY PEOPLE. HOW DID LAY PEOPLE ORDER AND MAKE SENSE OF THEIR LIVES?
I RURAL POPULAR CULTURE
A. PEASANT COSMOLOGY: IN THE MIDDLE AGES CHRISTIAN
DOCTRINE GRAFTED ONTO PAGAN BELIEFS AND RITES
B. A WORLD DIVIDED BETWEEN THE NATURAL AND THE SPIRITUAL,
THE EARTH AND THE HEAVENS, DISORDER AND ORDER.
C. TIME AND CALENDAR: THE AGRARIAN AND LITURGICAL
CALENDAR
D. CARNIVAL AND LENT: THE WORLD TURNED UPSIDE DOWN
E. CHARIVARI: POPULAR RITUALS FOR THE ENFORCEMENT
OF SOCIAL MORES
F. CHANGES IN THE COUNTRYSIDE: INCREASES IN MOBILITY;
ADVENT OF PRINTING; REFORMATION; ALL INCREASE LITERACY.
II ELITE CULTURE:
A. NEW MONARCHS, NEW COURTS; FROM PERIPATETIC TO
FIXED; VALUE ELOQUENCE OVER VALOR; EMERGENCE OF NEW SOCIAL TYPE, THE
COURTIER REPLACES THE KNIGHT: CASTLIGIONE’S THE COURTIER
(1516)
B. NEW EDUCAYION FOR A NEW STATE; EXPLOSION IN UNIVERSITY
ATTENDANCE (1560-1640); NEW CURRICULUM, NO LONGER PRODUCING CHURCHMEN
BUT GENTLEMEN.
C. NEW CULTURAL FORMS-FLOWERING OF VERNACULAR (VS
LATIN) LITERATURES; ELIZABETHAN THEATER (SHAKESPEARE, 1546-1616);
THE PLEIADE (RONSARD AND DU BELLAY) AND THE SONNET
FORM; THE NOVELLA: MARGUERITTE OF NAVARRE’S HEPTAMERON
(1556)>REWRITES BOCCACCIO’S DECAMERON, WITH A NEW
AIM; TALES OF SEDUCTION BECOME TALES OF MORAL EXAMPLE OF CHASTITY.
FUSION OF CHRISTIANITY AND HUMANISM INTO A NEW LITERATURE OF LAY PIETY;
PRECURSORS OF MODERN NOVEL
III WITCHCRAZE
A. 1500-1650: 7,500-10,000 WITCH TRIALS (80-90% WOMEN0
B. WITCHES AND THE INQUISITION: MALLEUS MALEFICARUM
(1486)
C. GEOGRAPHY: BEGINS IN HINTERLANDS OF ITALY AND
GERMANY, SWITZERLAND AND PYRENEES, SPREADS AS FAR AS AMERICA AND RUSSIA
D. PHASES: 1480-1530 DOMINICANS; 2) 1530-1580, ESCALATION
WITH RELIGIOUS CONFLICT 3) 1580-1630: PEAKS IN RELIGIOUS WARS
E. POPUL AR WITCHCRAZE; VAGRANCY AND SOCIAL TENSION
IV CONCLUSION
A. STRENGTH OF VERNACULAR CULTURE
B. NO SHARP SEPARATION BETWEEN ELITE AND POPULAR
CULTURE