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History 181B: Modern Physics:
From the Atom to Big Science
Spring 2001, MWF 11-12
2 Le Conte Hall
CCN 39430, Exam Group 7
Prof. Cathryn Carson
E-mail: clcarson@socrates.berkeley.edu
Office: 2413 Dwinelle Hall (office wing)
Office hours F 12:15-2:00, or make an appointment
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Course
description
Reading materials
Course mechanics
Schedule and outlines
Road maps
Useful links
Reading
strategies
Reader
Books
on reserve |
Announcements
Final grades are available by e-mail from Prof. Carson.
|
| Course
description |
The course studies the
establishment of the ideas and institutions of modern physics, covering
the evolution of the discipline over roughly the last century and a half.
This period has witnessed some of the field's most dramatic developments,
both intellectual and structural. We begin with the nineteenth-century
organization of the discipline and the debates over the classical world
picture (mechanics, electromagnetism and optics, thermodynamics and statistical
mechanics). We then follow the dramatic changes that undid the classical
picture, from the discovery of radioactivity and x-rays, through Einstein's
theories of relativity, on to the the creation of quantum mechanics and
the accompanying philosophical disputes. We consider the elucidation
of atomic structure, the exploration of the nucleus, and the establishment
of the field-theoretic description of natural phenomena. Alongside
these conceptual upheavals we will be watching the transformation of the
discipline from a small-scale, academic, largely European enterprise to
a world-wide profession on an American model, carried out in reliance upon
massive state funding and endowed with the power, through its creations
(solid-state devices, the atomic bomb), to shape national and international
destinies. The course traces these developments, laying out their
origins, ramifications, and interconnections.
The course is aimed at two groups of students. First,
science and engineering majors will gain an understanding of the structure
and functioning of a field they have studied. They should come away
from the course with a sense for how modern physics works and hangs together.
Equally, non-science students will get a historical introduction to this
scientific discipline. A decent high-school level course in physics
or chemistry will be adequate preparation, but all students should expect
to learn a good deal of science. Students concerned about their physics
background should feel free to talk to me individually. In past years,
the best students in the class have divided equally between science and
non-science majors. This course fulfills the L&S breadth requirement
in physical sciences.
As a historical study of a scientific field, the course
draws on approaches and materials from both history and science.
We deal in some depth with scientific concepts, though in a way that should
remain accessible to non-science majors willing to put in a bit of effort.
In all this, however, emphasis is placed on the historical development,
and one of the course's goals is to practice the process of thinking historically. |
| Reading
materials |
Two books are available
in the bookstores and on reserve in the Physics
Library.
-
Russell McCormmach, Night thoughts of a classical physicist
(Harvard, 1991), ISBN 0674624610, $19.95.
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Michael Frayn, Copenhagen (Anchor Books, 2000), ISBN
0385720793, $12.00.
In addition, a course
reader is available for purchase from Odin
Readers, 2146 Center St., and a copy will be placed on reserve.
Some of the materials in the course reader, marked as such in the schedule,
are also available on the web. Two further assignments, again marked
on the schedule, can only be completed on the web.
The Physics Library also has on reserve a selection of
books
relevant to the course. You are encouraged to browse or ask me
for guidance. |
| Course
mechanics |
Short research assignments:
You will have two short assignments involving historical research.
You must do both.
-
Nobel
assignment (3 pp.): You will research and report on one Nobel
Laureate or Prize (in physics, of course). When the assignment is
due depends on when the prize was awarded:
| Before 1922 |
Wednesday, March 7 |
| 1922-51 |
Wednesday, April 4 |
| After 1951 |
Wednesday, May 2 |
-
BAS
assignment (3 pp.): You will examine two articles of your choice
from the Bulletin of the atomic scientists between 1945 and 1952,
then summarize them and suggest what they reveal about physicists' concerns
after World War II. Due Wednesday, April 18.
Longer research assignment: You may do either
-
A longer
paper (7-8 pp.) on a subject of your choice, due on Monday, May 7,
or
-
An in-class group
presentation (15-20 min.) selected from a list of possible topics and
dates.
Worksheets
Informal worksheets will help you consolidate
your grasp of the scientific material. These will not be graded,
and you will not turn them in, but we will briefly discuss them in class.
It will be to your advantage to complete them. The exact timing will
depend on our progress through the semester, but I anticipate the following
(rough) completion dates: Mechanics
and thermo 1/26, E&M
2/2, new
discoveries 2/16, the
quantum 2/23, special
relativity 2/28, old
QT and QM 3/16, QFT and particle physics 4/25, condensed matter and
cosmology 5/4.
Tests:
-
The midterm is scheduled for the 7th week of classes.
It has two components: a short take-home essay assignment, which
you will receive on Monday, February 26, and return at the beginning of
class on Monday, March 6; and a 50-minute in-class section, which
you will complete during the class period on Friday, March 2. Study
questions are available.
-
The final exam is scheduled (according to Exam Group
7) for Monday, May 14, at 12:30 p.m. It too has two components:
a longer take-home essay assignment, which you will receive on Wednesday,
May 2, and return on Monday, May 14, at 12:30 p.m.; and a 50-minute
in-class section, which you will complete beginning at the start of the
scheduled exam period. The essay component covers the entire semester,
while the in-class section covers Units 3 and 4 of the syllabus.
-
During the semester I will give 1 or 2 pop quizzes.
These will deal with very basic information immediately relevant to that
week's work. They are meant to encourage you to keep up with the
course.
Grading: Final grades will be assigned according
to the following weighting:
| Nobel assignment |
2 parts |
| BAS assignment |
2 parts |
| Longer research assignment |
5 parts |
| Midterm exam |
4 parts |
| Final exam |
6 parts |
| Quizzes |
1 part (at my discretion) |
Any work not completed will be counted as ZERO. In
individual cases (e.g., marked improvement over the course of the semester)
I may choose to deviate from this scheme.
Further notes
Written assignments: The essay components
of the tests and the written research assignments are to be typed, double-spaced
in normal-sized fonts with reasonable margins. They may not be submitted
by e-mail or in any other electronic form. Proper writing (grammar,
organization, citation format) definitely counts. Papers are due
at the beginning of class and late papers will be penalized: each
day (or fraction thereof) that a paper is late will reduce its grade by
2/3 of a mark (e.g., A to B+, B- to C). You have been forewarned.
Reading: The course requires a substantial
amount of reading. You should complete each assignment before coming
to class, as we will often refer to or discuss the reading selections.
Class: Regular attendance is necessary, as
the lectures contain material not covered in the reading. After each
class, a brief outline and a list of names and terms will be posted on
the webpage (available as a link of the schedule). These are designed
to supplement, not substitute for, notetaking in class.
Discussion section: There is no discussion
section.
|
| Schedule |
| Date |
Topics |
Assignments (for details see course
reader) |
| Unit 1 |
Classical
world pictures |
|
1/17
1/19
1/22
1/24
1/26
1/29
1/31
2/2
2/5
2/7 |
Course introduction
Creating a field: Newton to the early 19th century
Mechanics, thermodynamics, statistical mechanics
Electromagnetism and light
World pictures and philosophical issues
Institutional homes |
Joule, "On the mechanical equivalent of heat" 1/22
Maxwell, from "On Faraday's lines of force" 1/26
Mach, "The economy of science" 1/31
Klein, "Mechanical explanation" now 2/2
McCormmach, Night thoughts by 2/7 |
| Unit 2 |
Challenges |
|
2/9
2/12
2/14
2/16
2/21
2/23
2/26
2/28
3/2 |
Discoveries: x-rays, radioactivity, the electron
Quantum theory (1): Planck on radiation
Einstein
World War I and its consequences |
Röntgen, "On a new kind of rays" (OR
web)
2/9
Marie Curie and the science of radioactivity (ONLY web)
2/9
Through "Radium Institute,"
side links optional
Read "Radium and radioactivity"
("Further info")
Thomson, "Cathode rays" (OR web)
2/12
Carson, "The origins of the QT" (OR web)
to p. 13 2/14
Einstein, "On the electrodynamics of moving bodies" 2/21
Heisenberg, "The theory of relativity" 2/23
Einstein, "Autobiographical notes" 2/26
MIDTERM EXAM 3/2 |
| Unit 3 |
The
quantum mechanical era |
|
3/5
3/7
3/9
3/12
3/14
3/16
3/19
3/21
3/23 |
Quantum theory (2): Bohr's atom
Making quantum mechanics
Quantum philosophy (1): uncertainty, Copenhagen
Applying quantum mechanics
Quantum field theories and particle physics (1)
Nuclear physics in the 30s |
Carson, "The origins of the QT" (OR web)
-- remainder 3/5
Nobel option 1 due 3/7
Heisenberg, "QT and its interpretation" 3/7
Heisenberg, "Physical content of q kinematics and mechanics"
3/12
Bohr, "The Bohr-Einstein dialogue" 3/12
Brown/Hoddeson, "The birth of elementary-particle physics"
3/19
Frisch, "The interest is focussing on the atomic nucleus"
3/21
Hahn/Strassmann, "Concerning the existence" 3/23
Meitner/Frisch, "Disintegration of uranium" (OR web)
3/23 |
| |
Spring vacation |
|
| Unit 4 |
World War II and beyond |
|
4/2
4/4
4/6
4/9
4/11
4/13
4/16
4/18
4/20
4/23
4/25
4/30
5/2
5/4
5/7 |
The rise of American physics, and of Berkeley
Science under Hitler
Scientific mobilization and the physicists' war
The Manhattan Project and its counterparts
Into the postwar world
Quantum field theories and particle physics (2)
Condensed matter
Astrophysics and cosmology
Quantum philosophy (2): renewed debates
Physics in contemporary society |
Nobel option 2 due 4/4
Lawrence and his laboratory (ONLY web)
4/4
Through ch. 7
Physics and National Socialism 4/6
Frayn, Copenhagen 4/11
Weisskopf, "Working on the bomb" 4/13
Sakharov, "The Tamm group" 4/13
Roberts, "Take away your billion dollars" 4/16
BAS assignment due
4/18
Weisskopf, "The development of field theory" 4/23
Mattuck, Feynman diagrams in the many-body problem
4/27
Gamow, "Galaxies in flight" 4/30
Bell, "Six possible worlds of QM" 5/2
Nobel option 3 due 5/2
Longer paper option due 5/7 |
| 5/14 |
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Final exam, 12:30-3:30 p.m. |
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| Road
maps |
Classical
world pictures
Challenges
The
quantum era |
| Useful
links |
History of physics on the web:
AIP Center for
History of Physics
Nobel e-Museum
Physics timelines(thermo/stat
mech and E&M)
Selected
classic papers from the history of chemistry (construed to include
much physics)
Classic
papers from the history of chemistry (and some physics too)
Physics reference and information:
Harcourt:
AP dictionary of science and technology
Usenet
physics FAQs
Net
advance of physics (alphabetical index to essays on advanced topics)
Physics and astronomy
online education and reference
Science in the
headlines
Locating sources on the history of physics:
History
of Science Society Reading List (guide to printed resources, good
starting point)
History
of science and technology database (entry point from on campus)
Virtual
Library for the History of Science, Technology & Medicine
Online Archive of
California
Pathfinder(online
UCB catalogue)
Library and research orientation:
UCB physics
library
Introduction
to the UCB libraries
Library
instruction and tours
Library
research guides
Guide
to primary source research
Assistance
from library reference staff
Introduction
to citation styles (either MLA or Turabian is acceptable)
Student
Learning Center drop-in writing tutoring
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Carson's home page
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undergraduate course list
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course list
Last modified 25 April 2001
Copyright © Cathryn Carson 2001 |