Thermodynamics, EM, and the nature of the second law
     The snag:  experimental deviations
     What Planck cared about:  more than just curve-fitting
     And what he did not:  the ultraviolet catastrophe

     Making sense of the new empirical formula
          Boltzmann's statistical formulation
          What are the microscopic configurations?
          Finite energy elements:  what do they mean?

Enter Einstein:  the reality of the quantum
     Applying thermodynamics and statistical mechanics to light itself
     The analogy to particles in gases
     An experimental test:  the photoelectric effect
     But not an experimental proof:  why doubts remain