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History 181B: Modern Physics
Class 4 (1/29/03)
Thermodynamics
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| Outline |
Work, force, and energy (continued)
Simultaneous discovery
Mathematical formulation
Energy physics
The significance of conservation (the first law)
The second law
Carnot's engines
What happens in an engine
Caloric
Clapeyron
Puzzlement: reconciling Carnot and Joule
Thomson, Clausius, and the second law
The direction of heat flow
Irreversibility
Entropy
Making sense of the second law |
| Names
and terms |
| Primary |
Secondary |
Naturphilosophie
Robert Mayer (1814-1878)
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894)
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907)
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
kinetic energy, potential energy
first law of thermodynamics
second law of thermodynamics
Sadi Carnot (1796-1832)
Émile Clapeyron (1799-1864)
work
Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888)
irreversibility
entropy (S) |
Peter Guthrie Tait (1831-1901)
École Polytechnique
indicator diagram
James Watt (1736-1819)
dS = dQ/T
Presbyterianism |
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| Assignment |
Rudolf Clausius, selection on "The Second Law
of Thermodynamics" (1850), in A Source Book in Physics, ed. William
Francis Magie (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), 228-233.
Describe the physical setup that Clausius was discussing.
(Drawing a schematic picture of a steam engine may help.) What process
is described by Fig. 43? (Note that the x-axis is pressure; the y-axis,
volume. "Mariotte's law" is what French and Germans called the law that
English scientists called "Boyle's law.")
Did Clausius himself do any experiments with this
setup?
What conclusion did he draw from his discussion? |
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Copyright © Cathryn Carson 2003 |