2. James Prescott Joule, "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat" (1849), in The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule (London: Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1887), 298-328.

3. Rudolf Clausius, selection on "The Second Law of Thermodynamics" (1850), in A Source Book in Physics, ed. William Francis Magie (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), 228-233.

4. Charles-Augustin Coulomb, "Law of Electric Force" (1785), in A Source Book in Physics, ed. William Francis Magie (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), 408-417.

5. James Clerk Maxwell, selection from "On Faraday's Lines of Force" (1855), in The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, ed. W. D. Niven (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1890; New York: Dover, 1952), v. 1, 155-159.

6. James Clerk Maxwell, letter to Thomson, 10 December 1861, in Origins of Clerk Maxwell's Electric Ideas as Described in Familiar Letters to William Thomson, ed. Sir Joseph Larmor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1937), 34-35.

7. James Clerk Maxwell, selection from "On Physical Lines of Force" (1861), Scientific Papers, v. 1, 488-489.

8. Handout: Maxwell's Unification of EM and Light

9. Pierre Duhem, selection from The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory (1906), trans. Philip P. Wiener (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), 80-86.

10. Ernst Mach, "The Economy of Science" (1883), in The Science of Mechanics: A Critical and Historical Account of its Development, trans. Thomas J. McCormmack, 3rd ed. (Chicago: Open Court, 1907), 481-494.

11. Martin J. Klein, "Mechanical Explanation at the End of the Nineteenth Century," Centaurus 17 (1972): 58-82.

12. Paul Forman, John L. Heilbron, and Spencer Weart, selections from "Physics circa 1900: Personnel, Funding, and Productivity of the Academic Establishments," Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 5 (1975): 1-185, Tables I and A.5.

13. W.C. Röntgen, "On a New Kind of Rays," Nature 53 (1896): 274-276 (also available on the web).

14. J.J. Thomson, "Cathode Rays," Philosophical Magazine 44 (1897): 293-316 (also available on the web).

15. Cathryn Carson, "The Origins of the Quantum Theory," Beam Line (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) 30:2 (2000): 6-19 (also available on the web).

16. Albert Einstein, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" (1905) in Einstein's Miraculous Year: Five Papers That Changed the Face of Physics, ed. John Stachel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), 123-160.

17. Werner Heisenberg, "The Theory of Relativity," in Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science (New York: Harper & Row, 1958), 110-127.

18. Albert Einstein, selections from "Autobiographical Notes," in Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, vol. 1, ed. Paul Arthur Schilpp, (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1949), 2-53.

19. Werner Heisenberg, "Quantum Theory and its Interpretation," in Niels Bohr: His Life and Work as Seen by His Friends, ed. S. Rozental (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1967), 94-108.

20. Werner Heisenberg, "The Physical Content of Quantum Kinematics and Mechanics" (1927), in Quantum Theory and Measurement, ed. John Archibald Wheeler and Wojciech Hubert Zurek (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 62-84.

21. Niels Bohr, "The Bohr-Einstein Dialogue," in Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume, ed. A.P. French and P.J. Kennedy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985), 121-140.

22. Wolfgang Pauli, "Exclusion Principle and Quantum Mechanics" (1946), in Nobel Lectures: Physics, 1942-1962 (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1964), 27-42.

23. Paul A.M. Dirac, "Theory of Electrons and Positrons" (1933), in Nobel Lectures: Physics, 1922-1941 (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1965), 320-325.

24. Laurie M. Brown and Lillian Hoddeson, "The Birth of Elementary-Particle Physics," Physics Today 35:4 (1982): 36-43.

25. Handout: American Nobel Laureates before 1940

26. Otto Robert Frisch, "The Interest Is Focussing on the Atomic Nucleus," in Niels Bohr: His Life and Work as Seen by His Friends, ed. S. Rozental (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1967), 137-148.

27. O. Hahn and F. Strassmann, "Concerning the Existence of Alkaline Earth Metals Resulting from Neutron Irradiation of Uranium" (1939), in The Discovery of Nuclear Fission, ed. Hans G. Graetzer and David L. Anderson (New York: Arno Press, 1981), 44-47.

28. Lise Meitner and O.R. Frisch, "Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: A New Type of Nuclear Reaction," Nature 143 (1939): 239-240 (also available on the web).

29. Selections from Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources, ed. Klaus Hentschel and Ann M. Hentschel (Basel: Birkhäuser, 1996), 1-5, 18-21, 119-127, 152-157.

30. Handout: How Does a Fission Bomb Work?

31. Victor Weisskopf, "Working on the Bomb," in The Joy of Insight: Passions of a Physicist (New York: Basic Books, 1991), 122-155.

32. Andrei Sakharov, "The Tamm Group," in Memoirs, trans. Richard Lourie (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), 90-105.

33. Arthur Roberts, "Take Away Your Billion Dollars," Physics Today 1:7 (1948): 17-21.

34. Victor F. Weisskopf, "The Development of Field Theory in the Last 50 Years," Physics Today 34:11 (1981): 69-85.

35. Freeman J. Dyson, "Tomonaga, Schwinger, and Feynman Awarded Nobel Prize for Physics," Science 150 (1965): 588-589.

36. Richard D. Mattuck, selections from A Guide to Feynman Diagrams in the Many-Body Problem, 2nd ed. (New York: Dover, 1976), 1-24.

37. George Gamow, "Galaxies in Flight," in Scientific American Reader (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953), 5-12.

38. P.W. Anderson, "More is Different," Science 177 (1972): 393-396.

39. J.S. Bell, "Six Possible Worlds of Quantum Mechanics," in Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics: Collected Papers on Quantum Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 181-195.

40. "What Do Physicists Do?", in A Random Walk in Science: An Anthology, comp. Robert L. Weber (London: Institute of Physics, 1973), 37.